Labeling Theory

Is Labeling People Good?

Labeling theory takes the position that deviance is not a fixed, identifiable state; rather, it is a result of the labeling process. In other words, something is deviant simply because, we, society, have chosen to call it deviant.

During prohibition drinking alcohol was deviant because it suddenly became illegal during the prohibition years. However, we can be relatively certain that many individuals were still imbibing like fish as humans have done for two millennia. Currently, alcohol is legal and marijuana is illegal. Thought using marijuana for non-medical purposes did not become illegal in New York until 1927. What is considered deviant behavior tends to evolve as the society in which the behavior is condemned changes.

Labeling theory also suggests that once an individual has been labeled he or she is more likely to exhibit behaviors consistent with that label. This can be detrimental not only for adolescents but also racial groups and even "the wrong side of the tracks" neighborhoods.

In his study of labeling, Paul Hirschfield (2004) suggests,

Mass criminal justice involvement may shift aspirations and revise status criteria among disadvantaged urban youth in a manner which—akin to individual labeling processes—promotes the reproduction of future criminals and prisoners.

Youths trapped in a high crime neighborhood may expect to become criminals and thus not recognize the possibility of other more socially acceptable options. In fact, adolescents who are labeled "criminal" or "deviant" may find access to legitimate employment and educational opportunities closed to them.

This theory of deviance was popular in the 1960's and 1970's. Supporters failed to produce the empirical evidence needed to gain scientific credibility. That certainly does not necessarily mean labeling theory is without merit. Detractors suggest that that criminal behavior frequently preceded the label "criminal." Obviously, it is not the entire answer to socially unacceptable behavior.

Conclusion

At one time, suicides were buried in unhallowed ground; these poor, tragic souls were not allowed to rest in peace with family members. Until 1823 suicides in England were buried as crossroads with a stake through their hearts. Today, we would consider such harsh judgments and reactions cruel and socially unacceptable.

Therefore, when we consider the deviance of a behavior we must consider the context, location and time in which it occurs. If a behavior is accepted in other societies and at other times, what does that say? What is the reason for a certain social tabor? Logic goes a long way in determining which behaviors are inherently harmful, thus deviant, and which behaviors are simply unpopular and ill-advised at that moment.

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